Journal: Science Advances

Article Title: Supreme-black levels enabled by touchproof microcavity surface texture on anti-backscatter matrix

doi: 10.1126/sciadv.ade4853

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( A ) Significance of supreme-black levels for visual applications. The perceptual lightness L * is not proportional to the (luminous) reflectance R of an object; human eyes are much more sensitive to changes in blackness than in whiteness. ( B ) Photograph of super-black materials (lower) and reference standards (upper) with various hemispherical reflectance R ranging from 0.0003 to 1. The photo was taken in high–dynamic range mode, where the contrast was compressed to demonstrate the naked-eyesight impression within the limited dynamic range of display devices or printed media (see also fig. S1). ( C ) Three requirements for supreme blackness. ( D ) Schematic diagram showing the forms of surface reflection in terms of radiance representation. ( E ) SEM images of various super-black surfaces.

Article Snippet: A Spectralon-based 0.99 (99%) reflectance standard was used as a reference, which was calibrated traceably to the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).

Techniques:

Journal: Science Advances

Article Title: Supreme-black levels enabled by touchproof microcavity surface texture on anti-backscatter matrix

doi: 10.1126/sciadv.ade4853

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( A ) Fabrication procedure of microcavity-structured supreme-black finish. A microcavity master mold is fabricated by the ion track etching method: A single high-quality conical etch pit is formed per ion track on a CR-39 plastic substrate. Then, the master mold was replicated into a PDMS replica mold, which was then stamped onto a black prepolymer. ( B ) AR principle of microcavity and requirements for achieving ultralow reflectance. It also depicts how light is backscattered by pigment particles, if any. ( C ) SEM image of microcavities on the surface of CNSL-based supreme black. ( D ) UV/Vis/NIR spectral hemispherical reflectance of a CNSL-based supreme-black sheet, compared with the previously reported blackbody sheets (PDMS and CB based) . ( E ) Molecular structure of CNSL. ( F ) Extremely low light scattering from a flat CNSL-based black film under intense illumination or laser marker, compared with a CB-based one. ( G and H ) OD defined as log(1/ T ) (G), where T = transmittance of thin CNSL-based brown and black coating (inset), and results of SEM-EDS analysis (H); CNSL black contains iron to form the phenolic complex. ( I ) Simulated Mie scattering efficiency for CB particles with various radii dispersed in PDMS. See also fig. S2 and Materials and Methods for details of the simulation conditions.

Article Snippet: A Spectralon-based 0.99 (99%) reflectance standard was used as a reference, which was calibrated traceably to the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).

Techniques: Marker

Journal: Science Advances

Article Title: Supreme-black levels enabled by touchproof microcavity surface texture on anti-backscatter matrix

doi: 10.1126/sciadv.ade4853

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( A ) Schematic illustration of the anti-backscatter multilayer structures. Various existing super-black materials can be chosen as an underlayer. ( B to D ) Spectral hemispherical reflectance of microcavity supreme-black finishes fabricated with various combinations of multilayer structures (B), schematic illustration of reflectance measurements under SCI and SCE geometries (C), and average visible hemispherical (SCI) reflectance R SCI for the multilayer microcavity supreme-black finishes and average visible diffuse (SCE) reflectance R SCE for the corresponding flat samples (D). The same line color in the graph (B) and row color in the table (D) correspond to the same sample. ( E ) Comparison between the measured diffuse (SCE) reflectance R SCE and the normalized theoretical reflectance for CB and aluminum oxide black in terms of the dependence on the refractive index of the surrounding medium (see also fig. S4 and Materials and Methods for details).

Article Snippet: A Spectralon-based 0.99 (99%) reflectance standard was used as a reference, which was calibrated traceably to the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).

Techniques: Comparison, Refractive Index

Journal: Science Advances

Article Title: Supreme-black levels enabled by touchproof microcavity surface texture on anti-backscatter matrix

doi: 10.1126/sciadv.ade4853

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( A ) The contrast ratio of diffusive white against our supreme black is 7.3 × 10 3 in the best case. ( B ) Flexible CNSL-based supreme-black sheet. ( C ) Durability test of CNSL-based supreme-black sheet. No change was observed in the ultralow reflectance after air blowing, silicone roller duster application, or finger touch. ( D ) SEM image of the CNSL-based supreme-black sheet surface after finger touch. No contamination was observed. ( E ) Incident angle dependence of hemispherical reflectance of the CNSL-based supreme-black sheet. In the rightmost graph, the angle of incidence is plotted on the horizontal axis, and the visible average hemispherical reflectance is plotted on the vertical axis. ( F ) Directional reflection properties of the CNSL-based supreme-black sheet at a large angle incidence. A strong reflection was observed at a certain large incident angle when illuminated from near the viewing direction [(i), see also rightmost photo], whereas there is no strong reflection in the normal (ii) and specular direction (iii).

Article Snippet: A Spectralon-based 0.99 (99%) reflectance standard was used as a reference, which was calibrated traceably to the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).

Techniques:

Journal: Bio-protocol

Article Title: Chloroplast Movement Imaging Under Different Light Regimes With a Hyperspectral Camera

doi: 10.21769/BioProtoc.5541

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A, E) A plate covered with black velvet is used as a support for detached leaves. (B, F) The leaf petiole is covered with a wet paper towel. (C, G) Half of the leaf is then covered with aluminum foil, and the other half with polyester foil. (D, H) After irradiation with blue light for 1 h, materials covering the leaf halves are removed, and a reflectance standard is added so that the leaves are ready for imaging.

Article Snippet: White diffuse reflectance standard (Spectralon or BaSO 4 -based reflectance standard, e.g., Edmund Optics, catalog number: #54-302) 3.

Techniques: Irradiation, Imaging

Journal: Bio-protocol

Article Title: Chloroplast Movement Imaging Under Different Light Regimes With a Hyperspectral Camera

doi: 10.21769/BioProtoc.5541

Figure Lengend Snippet: Leaves detached from dark-adapted plants were irradiated with either 1.6 or 120 µmol·m -2 ·s -1 of blue light for 1 h to induce chloroplast accumulation and avoidance responses, respectively. Half of the leaf remained in the dark-adapted state, as it was covered with aluminum foil during irradiation. (A, B) Mean difference in reflectance spectra between irradiated and darkened leaf halves calculated from hyperspectral images of 23 low- and 31 high-light-irradiated leaves. Note that the y-axis range in panels A and B is different. The standard deviation is indicated in light blue, and the standard error in darker blue. (C, D) Reflectance images of N. benthamiana leaves, calculated as an average of the hyperspectral images in the visible (400–700 nm) range. Spectra in A and B redrawn from Hermanowicz, P. and Łabuz, J. 2025 [20].

Article Snippet: White diffuse reflectance standard (Spectralon or BaSO 4 -based reflectance standard, e.g., Edmund Optics, catalog number: #54-302) 3.

Techniques: Irradiation, Standard Deviation